Arc Flash & Electrical Safety

In a manufacturing facility, an arc flash is a dangerous release of energy caused by an electrical fault that occurs in equipment such as circuit breakers, switchgear and other electrical components. This can happen during normal operation of the equipment, as well as during maintenance or repair. The intense heat and bright light generated by an arc flash can cause severe burns and other injuries to workers, as well as damage to equipment and facilities. An arc flash event can be triggered by several factors such as human error, equipment failure, corrosion, dust, moisture and others. Such an event can happen in a number of ways, such as a short circuit, a ground fault or a failure of insulation.

Arc Flash & Electrical Safety Articles

Arc flash best practices and tips

Arc flash events are among the most common source of injuries, but there are ways workers and employers can bypass them.

Every year, roughly 30,000 arc flash incidents occur, causing approximately 7,000 burn injuries, 2,000 hospitalizations, and 400 fatalities. Arc flashes can cause serious harm to those who work with electricity. Luckily, they’re also preventable. The more employers and employees understand about arc hazard injuries, the easier it is to avoid them and their effects.

This article breaks down the causes and impacts of arc flash events, as well as how workers and employers can bypass them.

What causes an arc flash event?

According to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), an arc flash occurs when a flashover of electric current diverts from the intended path. It travels through the air, either to another conductor or to the ground.

Arc flash events can result from many issues, including the following:

  • Accidental contact

  • Condensation

  • Corrosion

  • Dropped tools

  • Dust

  • Exposure to water or other liquids

  • Faulty equipment installation

  • Improper preventative maintenance

  • Insulation damage

  • Material failure

  • Obstructions

  • Static electricity.

The severity of an arc flash injury is based on the worker’s proximity to the hazard, the temperature, and the amount of time for the circuit to break.

Damaging effects of arc flashes

Arc flash events can cause severe damage to various body parts. The following are some of the most damaging effects:

  • Eye damage/blindness

  • Burns

  • Hearing loss

  • Lung damage.

Arc flash incidents can also generate intense force and knock workers off their feet. The intensity of the fall could lead to various injuries, from broken bones to concussions.

In the resource linked above, OSHA also emphasizes the seriousness of arc flash injuries. They have the potential to be fatal.

Even if the accident isn’t fatal, it’s also common for injured employees to experience a diminished quality of life and never fully recover. Those who are injured often need extended medical care as a result of the accident.

Safety standards

Because of the grave nature of arc hazard injuries, regulatory bodies like OSHA, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) have developed and implemented strict safety standards.

Here are some of the rules and regulations employers and employees must follow:

  • Employees must be provided with and use appropriate personal protective (PPE) equipment

  • Employers must provide a workplace free from recognized hazards, including arc flash hazards

  • Employers must perform an arc flash risk assessment for all electrical equipment

  • Employers must perform arc flash hazard calculations.

OSHA allows states to develop and operate safety and health programs. However, these plans must be equally or more effective than OSHA’s federal program.

Five prevention tips for workers and employers

Employers and workers both contribute to keeping the workplace safe and preventing arc hazard injuries. Here are five ways they can accomplish these goals and avoid arc flash injuries:

1. Conduct regular risk assessments

The first step to avoiding arc flash incidents is conducting regular and thorough risk assessments. An adequate evaluation includes these steps:

  • Data collection: A site survey to gather information on the following:
    • Utility Sources
    • Fuses and Circuit Breakers
    • Cables
    • Motors
    • Transformers.
  • Power systems modeling: Digital computer software compiles site-specific data into active diagrams
  • Short circuit analysis: Determines the magnitude of current flowing throughout the power system at critical points
  • Protective device coordination: Ensures the selection and arrangement of protective devices to limit the effects of an over-current situation to the smallest possible area
  • Arc flash calculations: Based on short circuit current, protective device clearing time, and the distance from the arc
  • Reporting: The inspector prepares an Arc Flash Hazard Analysis Report and full-size one-line drawings, certified by a licensed engineer

2. Clearly label all equipment

After the assessment has been conducted and the report has been completed, all equipment must be labeled based on the assessment’s results. The label should include the following statements:

  • Danger or Warning header

  • “Incident Energy at” indicates the appropriate working distance

  • “Min. Arc Rating” is the incident energy at a working distance

  • Arc Flash Boundary explains the shortest distance at which a person working may receive permanent injury

  • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) clarifies the level of protection required, ranging from 1-4

  • “Limited Approach” and “Restricted Approach” fields

  • “Shock Risk When Cover is Removed.”

These labels are often affixed to switchboards, panel boards, control panels, and transformers.

3. Reduce available fault current

For facilities that use non-current limiting breakers (or NCLBs), reducing the amount of available fault current can reduce the amount of incident energy released during an arc flash.

Some strategies to reduce available fault current include the following:

  • Operating with an open tie during maintenance

  • Employing high-resistance grounding (or HRG) systems

  • Using current limiting reactors.

These strategies aren’t effective in all situations, of course. However, they can still be valuable options in some workplaces.

4. Offer adequate training

Only qualified workers should be allowed to operate equipment that could expose them to an arc flash incident. Proper training includes the following:

  • Recognizing potential hazards

  • Distinguishing energized and non-energized parts

  • Determining exposed energized electrical conductors’ voltage

  • Understanding the relationship between hazards and possible injuries

  • Avoiding exposure to hazards

  • Emergency procedures for assisting victims

  • Performing hazard/risk analysis.

Employees should also receive regular continuing education to ensure they know the latest safety protocols.

5. Wear proper PPE

Wearing the correct personal protective equipment or PPE is another critical factor in preventing arc hazard injuries. Flame-resistant clothes and arc-resistant clothes protect the wearer from direct exposure to high temperatures.

When deciding what to wear, it’s essential to understand the difference between flame-resistant and arc-resistant clothing.

Only some flame-resistant clothing is tested for arc resistance. If an item has been tested, it will feature a specific arc rating between one and four.

Conversely, all arc-resistant clothing is also flame resistant. It protects against fire and high temperatures.

Protecting against arc hazard injuries

Arc hazard injuries can wreak havoc on an employee’s life and may even cause permanent damage.

By conducting regular risk assessments, clearly labeling equipment after evaluations, screening and training employees, and requiring proper PPE, employers can keep their team members safe, prevent arc flash incidents, and stay productive.

– Downtown Ecommerce Partners (DEP) is a CFE Media and Technology content partner.

Arc Flash & Electrical Safety FAQ

  • What causes an arc flash?

    An arc flash may be caused by unintentional contact between an energized conductor with another conductor or an earthed surface. Equipment failure may also be the cause of an arc flash incident.

  • What does an arc flash do to the body?

    Potential arc flash injuries include severe burns, respiratory system damage, penetration of the skin by flying debris, hearing loss, internal injuries caused by force from the blast pressure and possibly death.

  • What are OSHA electrical hazards?

    OSHA lists three possible factors that can cause an electrical hazard: Unsafe work equipment and installations , unsafe work environments and unsafe work practices.

  • What can be done to reduce electrical hazards?

    Consistent best practices include identifying and removing the potential hazard as well as replacing it. Companies also should institute safe workplace policies to ensure the incident is't repeated and workers should wear proper personal protective equipment (PPE) at all times.

Some FAQ content was compiled with the assistance of ChatGPT. Due to the limitations of AI tools, all content was edited and reviewed by our content team.

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